Wilsonian Neutrality During Wwi Essays - Woodrow Wilson,

Wilsonian Neutrality During Wwi No doubt that the belligerents would call upon morally upright America to mediate the peace settlement. This assumption was the backbone of his theory of neutrality, national policy between 1914 and 1917. Wilsonian neutrality meant that America could intervene militarily in Europe to keep the sides evenly matched. Then, the war would degenerate into one of steady attrition and stalemate. Finally, Wilson would end the bloodshed by dictating a lasting and pure peace. In his August 19, 1914 message to the Senate, Wilson voiced his belief that America should stand ready to play a part of impartial mediation and speak the counsels of peace.[10] Yet, Wilson's desire to remain impartial was molded by the coming events. In 1914, the British navy imposed a strict blockade against neutral shipping to the continent, specifically the Central powers. American vessels were seized, but England paid for lost cargo. Wilson raised a hue and cry, but took no actual counter-measures. Instead, he wished to preserve a rough equality between the German land forces and the British naval powers so that neither could claim victory. By 1915, America was linked economically to the Allies. When British shipping firms asked for loans, Wilson did not refuse, for he wished to maintain British superiority on the high seas. Therefore, when Germany pioneered the use of the submarine, the President objected. The introduction of the U-boat would tip the scales in favor of Germany, which would violate Wilsonian neutrality and betray his plans for a liberal world order. Hence, the United States shifted from a policy of isolation to one of non-belligerent intervention. On December 18, 1916,[11] Wilson sent notes to the belligerents asking them for an explicit exposure of war aims. Germany refused to return a direct answer, and her evasion suggested looming imperialist motives. Even the Allies declared that they intended to extract a painfully large amount of reparations from the Central Powers and exterminate German power in Europe. In December 1916, the German Foreign Office urged a peace conference of belligerents only. Social Issues

Freedom Essays - Freedom Of Expression, Freedom Of Religion

Freedom Essays - Freedom Of Expression, Freedom Of Religion Freedom Have you ever wondered what life at school would be like without freedom? In myopinion I think it would be horrid. Think about it. If we had no freedom we wouldnt be able to do the things we love most, or choose what friends we hang out with. The freedoms we have now we all take for granted. For example, do you even know what your freedoms are? If you dont, then you ought to hear me out so you know in the future what they mean. First of all there are two very specific freedoms that all students and teachers should know and understand. These two freedoms are the very basis for our society. 1)FREEDOM OF SPEECH Freedom of speech is one of the most important freedoms we have because if we didnt have this one we wouldnt be able to speak our minds through speeches in public. This freedom allows us to speak in more ways than one. It allows us to express ourselves through reading, writing, and speaking. Although freedom of speech has its greatness in many ways, it also has a downfall, in which it is abused. For example: Media today can twist this freedom to invade your privacy, which is not a good thing if youre Arnold Shwartzenegger getting out of the shower, and someone takes a picture of you naked and prints it in the local paper. But most of the time this sinerio doesnt occur because theyve come up with laws like the Privacy Act, and so on so this sort of mayhem doesnt happen, but even though laws are made people still break them. 2)FREEDOM OF RELIGION This freedom goes along with freedom of speech yet stands alone in its own category. There are many ways to look at this freedom. It has as many goods as it does bads. You just have to learn how to apply it to you. First Ill list the goods. The gains of this freedom allow you not only to speak your own opinions, but allows you to take it a step further. Example: Lets say you are a Christian, but go to a school where Christianity is looked down upon. Now lets say you have some friends that also attend this school and want to have a lunchtime bible study, but are afraid that the school may suspend you or even worse. Well, it says in the constitution, the rules and regulations our country is based upon, that students may have a bible study in and on school premises as long as it is student led. Teachers may even attend, but cannot participate in the function. This is where a lot can go wrong and things get turned upside down. This is also where some of the bads come into play. This free dom is more a rightstricken than abused law. In other words its more denied than abused. An example of this was written by Rebecca Jones from the American Schoolboard Journal. She wrote, Lillian Gobits Vs Minersville District, in 1940 led some West Virginians to punish Jehovahs Witnesses who refuse to have their children recite the Pledge of Allegiance in school. The Witnesses, she wrote, Were actually herded together and fed castor oil, stripped of their clothes, and forced to walk through town. (Jones 2) Well, about three years later the supreme court reversed itself and ruled that schools could not require the pledge. Its this kind of abuse that turns people away from religion in my opinion. Nothing is more challenging than confronting a well-established myth. A myth, repeated often enough that it takes a hold on peoples imaginations and is all but impossible to get rid of. One such myth is that when it comes to religion in public schools, people For and Against school prayer are engaged in the legal equivalent of Hand-to-hand combat, one side fighting to put God in schools, and the other desperately trying to keep him out. Unfortunately, parents, schools officials, and politicians alike sometimes act as if the myth were fact. Some people ag-on this myth with well-intentioned, but simply wrong statements about what the constitution does and does not permit. House speaker Newt Gingrich, for example, announced a while back that

Multiple Submissions of Freelance Material

Multiple Submissions of Freelance Material A reader asked me to address this topic. She had an article to query to publications and didnt want to wait for one answer at a time. Could she pitch to several markets at once, she asked. The answer isnt a simple Yes or No. Its actually Yes AND No. And I have my own personal anecdote for this lesson. Back in my earlier freelance days, I proposed articles on writers and grants to Writers Digest as well as The Writer. Each was a unique pitch, written differently, but on the same subject. Id just gone full time  as a freelancer and knew the odds of both nationally-recognized magazines accepting my pieces was slim to none. One of the publications accepted within a month but never stated when the story would come out. The other didnt get in touch for almost a year but told me when the article would appear. They both came out in the same month. I received a contributors copy feeling completely ecstatic. Then I opened the other envelope in the mail and saw where the other publication sent me their contributors copy. The thrill of opening one was replaced with dread and despair. Sure enough, one of the editors contacted me seething. The other never said a word. I was afraid to pitch either of them for years. When is it okay to pitch the same article to different publications? 1) When the publications are not in a competing market OR 2) When you mention in the query that you have also pitched the piece elsewhere. For instance, if you pitch a story on how to maintain grass in a cemetery (yes, I actually published that piece), it can be simultaneously pitched to a turfgrass magazine and a genealogy magazine since they are not competing publications. However, when one accepts, it behooves you to let the other know. Sure, they may kill your piece, but you dont want to burn the bridge to future gigs. Even if you write completely different articles, if they are about the same topic consider them too similar to pitch to competing markets, but understand that noncompeting markets may not care, with both accepting your piece. And while were talking freelancing, I want to mention a remarkable guide book on becoming a freelance writer.  Writers Digest Guide to Magazine Article Writing  is your practical guide to selling pitches, crafting strong articles, and earning more I stand solidly behind  this book, written

Introduction to Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Introduction to Business Law - Essay Example Law of misrepresentation have provisions that offer redress of the consumer detriment (Cartwright, 2007). However, the rights appear in fragmented forms that are complex hence making it unclear. The complexities presented by the law require amendments to ensure effective application of the law. The current laws provide confusions to the advisers of the consumers and traders as well as their clients, a fact that pose hindrances to private ordering. Therefore, the essay presents the law by highlighting the gaps that need amendments by considering possible avenues that are applicable in a case where the consumer is mislead by the trader. Misrepresentation refers to misleading actions when considered from a private law perspective. However, this law does not occur in a single body but rather represents several causes of actions for a number of issues arising from misrepresentation (Law Commissions, 2010; Atiyah and Treitel, 1967). Therefore, it gives rise to several families of rule. When a consumer intends to bring forth claims of misrepresentation, they are required to go through sea of actions that may be intimidating and lead to uncertain actions (Law Commissions, 2010). These represent some of the discouragement that hinders the consumers from commencing any claim from the fraudulent traders. When a consumer is presented with misleading facts, or is told something that is untrue, such a consumer is said to have been mislead. When the trader breaches the contract or act in a fraudulent manner, the law of England governs this in the 1967 act of the misrepresentation (Warren, 1983). A misrepresentation depends on whether the information falls within the three categories of factual, falseness and not an omission (Cartwright, 2007). When a representation is untrue, it represents an actionable prospect. However, when it is untimely, unintelligible, or not

Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Research - Assignment Example The study involves a population of 656 care workers from 14 nursing homes in Korea (Ha et al., 2014, p. 426). The nursing homes have a capacity of more than 50 elderly residents where the administrators agree to participate in the study (Ha et al., 2014, p.426). The researchers requested the administrators to distribute the questionnaire to their care workers to ensure that the sampling process had the required authorization. The study involves a structured questionnaire survey on the identified population conducted for 14 days (Ha et al., 2014, p. 426). Clearly, the sampling process used in this context manifests simple random sampling method. There are controls on the timeframe, population characteristics, location of the sample, and capacity of the sample units. The nursing homes in Korea define the sampling frame while the 14 nursing homes in Korea with a capacity of more than 50 elderly residents defined the sampling unit (Ha et al., 2014, p. 426). Moreover, the study defines care workers from the 14 nursing homes in Korea as a sampling frame. Having established a list of population elements, the researchers selected a random sample of 504 care workers working at 14 nursing homes who agreed to participate in the study (Ha et al., 2014, p. 426). Apparently, the researchers examine the descriptive statistics of the participants. The researchers conduct the reliability and validity tests for all the structured questions. As required in simple random sampling, the researchers use a computer program, SPSS 12.0 for Windows to conduct statistical analysis on how to conduct random selection of the research subjects (Ha et al., 2014, p. 427). The research subjects include organisational support, high-performance work practices, turnover intention, and organisational commitment (Ha et al., 2014, p. 426). The sampling method used in the study is very effective.

Compensating Wages for Dangerous Job Workers

Compensating Wages for Dangerous Job Workers Explain why workers with dangerous jobs are paid more than workers with less dangerous jobs The competition in the job market has shown an upward turn, when we talk about the opportunities for the job seekers. There are diversified fields for the job seekers based on their qualifications and experience. But another factor is also very vital when a person seeks a job; his / her own choice regarding environment and the workplace safety is equally important. Some people like to work in offices due to the peaceful, neat and clean environment but the same â€Å"paradise† may be â€Å"hell† for others just because they cannot handle the mental stress attached with the office jobs e.g. Accounting, Finance etc. On the other hand some people enjoy the jobs in the field of marketing, which would not be accepted by those who like to work in isolation. But there are some jobs, which are considered dangerous due to the nature of the workplace, or the work that needs to be carried out. Although none of the workers may like to work in dangerous conditions the compensation of fered attracts individuals to come into this field. So, keeping in view all these factors the compensation package of the employee can be assessed (Roberts, Burton Bodah, 2005). Normally the jobs, which require higher skilled individuals is highly compensated when compared to jobs that require only lower or lesser skills. It is considered that the differential amount paid to the higher educated persons, is in compensation for the additional sacrifices and payment made by the person to obtain the skills and education necessary (Dumond, Hirsch MacPherson, 1999). The workplace area and the safety at workplace catches the attention of the employees to demand extra wages. Smith used the words ‘hardship, ‘disagreeable and ‘dirtiness for the work of colliers in Newcastle to explain why they earned two or three times more than common laborers in Scotland (1976). The statistics have been collected by the Bureau of Labour Statistics These statistics have been published on CNN referring to an 18 year old logger who was killed on December 3, 2002. It clearly depicts that the risk factor involved in these jobs classifies them in the category of additional compensatory jobs. The Timber Cutters are facing a high risk and the rate of mortality has been the highest for them when compared to other jobs. People involved in fisheries are at second with fatality rate of 71.1. Pilots and navigators are at third with the mortality rate of 69.8. All these people work out of doors except the structural metal workers. People involved in driving, sailing, and even flying in the list given below as high risk workers. These are outdoor jobs, which are considered the most dangerous jobs. Therefore people in these jobs need the security and compensation as an attraction to continue doing the job. Employers, therefore offer special allowances and compensation along with medical facility, insurance, housing etc. It is not only the risk that is involved in the job that increases compensation for these workers but many other factors. However the discussion of those factors is outside the scope of this paper and therefore will not be mentioned here. Some salient factors have been given below which shows why workers with dangerous jobs are paid more. One is that there is a direct threat to a workers health and life in a dangerous profession. If a worker is hurt due to the nature of job, he may loose a part of his body and sometimes even his life (Schumacher, Hirsch, 1997). This could happen even though there are many workplace health and safety regulations in place and even though the supervisors and the employees themselves are trained on how to maximize safety in the work area. Further a direct threat to the life of a worker is also a threat to the stability and security for his or her dependants. This is because if the worker looses his life or his ability to work (due to injury or disability) the dependents would loose their safety net and can be made destitute (McDuff, 1999). Different jobs have different health hazards Different jobs have different health hazards and by implication different life expectancies. Workers in dangerous jobs are assumed to get a higher wages to compensate for the lower life expectancy and by measuring the size of that premium you can get a rough measure of the value of an extra year (Schumacher, Hirsch, 1997). It turns out that this calculation gives a strong effect: the benchmark calculation assumes that a ten percent increase in life expectancy will generate a 0.24 percentage points increase in adjusted GDP growth (Osburn, 2000). Workers may also need compensation for the stress and anxiety they have to face due to the dangers they are exposed to in the workplace (Mcgoldrick, 1995). For example armed forces stationed in high altitude locations are awarded extra allowance for the isolation at glaciers. The dangerous jobs also need a high level of hard work and physical efforts, which is normally more than the efforts required in normal physical labour. Therefore the extra physical effort of the workers must be compensated by the employer, and this is another reason why employees in dangerous of physically demanding professions get higher wages (Miller, Mulvey Norris, 1997). Concluding the discussion above, it is evident that the dangerous jobs are facing high risk increasing the life uncertainty of the workers. They need life insurance for their life for their families and dependents. Critically appraise the findings of empirical studies that have estimated compensating wage differentials. In labour economics the term Compensation differential is use to describe and analyze the relationship between wage rate and the corresponding risk, unpleasantness and any dangerous attitudes that are entailed in the job. The term compensation differential is also known as â€Å"equalizing difference† or even â€Å"compensating wage differential†. A compensating wage differential refers to the additional compensation that is paid to a worker or an employee in order to motivate the individual to take on a job that is considered undesirable or even a dangerous in comparison to other jobs that are available in the market (Schettkat, 1993). However it is noteworthy that â€Å"compensating differentials† does not apply only to dangerous and undesirable jobs, but also to extremely desirable jobs with special benefits. In the case of the latter, instead of being paid a higher compensation, the individuals concerned will be willing to accept a lower pay as the job entails benefits that are special and cannot be found elsewhere or with any other jobs. The difference here is however that instead of the compensation differential being positive it will be negative in the case of the latter example (Schettkat, 1993). A lot of models have been presented by different authors around the globe regarding compensating wage differentials and many studies have been undertaken in this area. Based on these studies, surveys and analyses, findings have been published in the journals, newspapers and websites. These publications stressed the compensating wage differentials not only for the workers exposed to death due to accidents but for other reasons as well. The term ‘Risk Premium is also used as an alternative to the compensating wage differentials for the workers doing dangerous jobs. Marin and Psacharopoulos (1982), in the first paper using British data from the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) Occupational Mortality Decennial Supplement 1970-72, find evidence of a wage premium for exposure to fatal risk. Sandy and Elliott (1996) and Arabsheibani and Marin (2000) using similar data over the period 1979 to 1983, and Siebert and Wei (1994) using Health and Safety Executive (HSE) data for 1986 to 1988, all find evidence of a fatal risk premium. Another study has been carried out in the Hong Kong regarding compensating wage differentials laying special emphasis on the risk associated with the workplace fatality. The data has been collected from the 1991 census and then it has been merged with the accident data provided by the Labour Department. A theory has been presented by Thaler and Rosen in 1976. The estimation of compensating wage differentials has been carried out with the following formula W = a0 + a1X + a2p + e Where w is the wage rate, X a vector of individual and job characteristics, including the usual human capital variables; p is a measure of job risk and e is an error term. Over the past two decades studies have estimated compensating wage differentials by using this equation. The result normally suggests that a positive and significant compensating wage differential for the jobs with mortality risk is found mostly in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Japan. Another important factor the compensating wage differentials has been identified as; child penalty. The fact that mothers tend to earn less than women without children seems to be well established in the economic literature and is called child penalty or family gap. Several researchers found raw wage gaps of almost 20% for the US, 13% for the UK and up to 20% for Germany. In order to investigate the impact of motherhood on the choice between pecuniary and non-pecuniary job characteristics the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP; 1984-2003) was used by Felfe in 2006. The sample of interest consists of women during their fertile years, defined as the age from 16 to 46. The dataset provides detailed information about personal and job characteristics, about pecuniary and in particular non-pecuniary ones. Besides it reports satisfaction with the job what is used as a proxy for utility and allows testing if both pecuniary and non-pecuniary job characteristics determine jointly the satisfaction of a mother. The longitudinal nature of the data allows observing mothers around first birth. Th e dataset used is the German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP), which is a yearly repeated survey of Germans and Foreigners in West and East Germany (1984-2003). Since 1984 the GSOEP follows the members of the panel. In 2003 the GSOEP provided information about more than 12000 households consisting of more than 24000 people In order to test the hypothesis of the child penalty as a compensating wage differential, the following methodology, divided in three parts, has been conducted. A first step was to investigate if motherhood really affects the job characteristics, i.e. if not only the pecuniary but also the non-pecuniary job characteristics change after motherhood and thus the loss of wage might be compensated with an increase in amenities. In order to estimate changes in job characteristics around and after motherhood, an event study analysis has been used which studies the effects of first birth on a variety of job characteristics. A second necessary step was to show if and how certain job features enter the utility of mothers. According to theory of compensating wage differentials both pecuniary and non-pecuniary characteristics determine jointly the utility of a worker. In case a mother is willing to give up part of her income in order to have a more family friendly job, certain job characteristics have to compensate for this loss in wage and thus raise the utility of a mother. In order to test this empirically, satisfaction regressions has been used. In a last step the actual compensating wage differential has been measured, i.e. how much of their wage mothers are willing to give up for having a job with more amenities (less disamenities). Therefore as a last step a hedonic wage regression has been run including certain (dis-) amenities as control variables. Conclusion The conclusion of the above discussion reveals that the compensating wage differentials have been studied by many of the analysts around the globe using different methodologies and statistics. These studies helped the users understanding the trend regarding compensating wage differentials and the impact on workers. REFERENCES Abraham, J, Lluis, S. (2008) â€Å"Compensating Differentials and Fringe Benefits: Evidence from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 1997-2004†, retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from Christie, L. (2003) â€Å"Americas most dangerous jobs The top ten most dangerous jobs in America†, CNN Money, retrieved on 28th July, 2009 from Dumond, J. M., Hirsch, B. T., MacPherson, D. A. (1999). â€Å"Wage Differentials Across Labor Markets and Workers: Does Cost of Living Matter?†. Economic Inquiry, 37(4), pp. 577-608. Dupuy, A. Smits, W. (2009), â€Å"How Large is the Compensating Wage Differential for RD Workers?† Retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from Felfe, C. (2006), â€Å"The child penalty A compensating wage differential†, retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from Lanfranchi, J., Ohlsson, H., Skalli, A (2009) â€Å"Compensating Wage Differentials And Shift Work Preferences* Evidence from France†, retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from McDuff, E. M. (1999). â€Å"Social Support and Compensating Differentials in the Ministry: Gender Differences in Two Protestant Denominations†. Review of Religious Research, 40(4), pp. 307-330. Mcgoldrick, K. (1995). â€Å"Do Women Receive Compensating Wages for Earnings Uncertainty?†. Southern Economic Journal, 62(1), pp. 210. Miller, P., Mulvey, C., Norris, K. (1997). â€Å"Compensating Differentials for Risk of Death in Australia†. Economic Record, 73(223), pp. 363. Osburn, J. (2000). â€Å"Interindustry Wage Differentials: Patterns and Possible Sources†. Monthly Labor Review, 123(2), pp. 34. Polachek, S. W. Siebert, S. W. (1993) Economics of Earnings. Cambridge University Press. Roberts, K., Burton, J. F., Bodah, M. M. (Eds.). (2005). Workplace Injuries and Diseases: Prevention and Compensation : Essays in Honor of Terry Thomason. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. Schettkat, R. (1993). â€Å"Compensating Differentials? Wage Differentials and Employment Stability in the U.S. and German Economies†. Journal of Economic Issues, 27(1), pp. 153. Schumacher, E. J., Hirsch, B. T. (1997). â€Å"Compensating Differentials and Unmeasured Ability in the Labor Market for Nurses: Why do Hospitals Pay More?†. Industrial Labor Relations Review, 50(4), pp. 557-579. Siebert, W. S. Wei, X (1998), â€Å"Wage Compensation for Job Risks: The Case of Hong Kong†, Asian Economic Journal, Vol 12 No. 2, retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from â€Å"The Human Development Index. A better way of measuring welfare? Notes on Nick Crafts, ‘The human development index and changes in standard of living: some historical comparisons†. European Review of Economic History, Vol 1, (1997), retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from REFERENCES The Bureau of Labour Statistics, retrieved on 28th July, 2009 from

Why we shouldn’t have more school days

The roots to education are bitter, but the fruit Is sweet. † unfortunately, our fruit hasn't become the sweetest. The recent Programmer for International Student Assessment (PISA) has shown that although the US may spend the most on Its students, we aren't all high and mighty. U. S students ranked 36 In Math, 28 in Science, and 24 in Language Arts. Shanghai, China ranked number one in every subject. You have proposed many times before on extending school hours or days to help students reach their full potential.I wish it were that simple, but nothing comes to us that easily. If this were to happen, it would surpass the real reasons we aren't ranking high enough. Let's take a look at high ranking countries such as Finland, Australia, and of course China. China Is number one, but also very high on another list. China's suicide rate Is among the highest In the world, ranking number 6. When you add more school, you add more stress. Students are stressed out enough with trying to be that perfect body they see In the magazines. School shouldn't add onto that, school should be a unforgettable and fun learning environment for kids.In China, falling Is not an option. You must attend school 260 days a year and if you con not, a parent steps in place to take notes for you. That is no way to live. Students are put under so much pressure they think the only way to be freed is to take their own life. Education and intelligence isn't worth it at the cost of someone's life. Both countries ranked significantly lower on the list of countries by suicide rate, Finland ranking at 22 and Australia ranking at 50. Although Peru, ranked last on the PISA, they ranked 99 on the sit of countries by suicide rate. It isn't worth the risk.As If school wasn't hard enough! School breaks are treasured by families because It Is the only time they really have together. Family time Is cherished by many and overlooked by many. I am one of the people that cherishes family time. With family tha t lives in the randomness parts of the country, I count down until breaks to be given the opportunity to wrap my arms around them again. Parents have jobs, students have homework, and after school activities. All the more reason to cherish family time. Whether you like it or not, they are your family, and you can't get rid of them.You are pretty much stuck with them so why would you take away the fun memories? Lastly, three simple words: quality over quantity. It doesn't matter how many school hours we have or school days. It how we spend that time Is what matters. Ever since I can remember, I have always spent my time In school preparing for a standardized test. These evil green monsters bring more stressed, but that Is a completely different topic. In Finland, they only take one standardized test when they are 16. Finnish schools have an educational system the US should new.In Finland students have smaller class sizes, and have little to know homework. Whereas in China, they were very well mannered students that wear uniform, learn in large class sizes, and have many hours of homework when they return home. Finland ranked 12 in Math, 5 in Science, and 6 in Language Arts. The Finnish education system has to be doing something right. They even have the same amount of school days as us, thus proving the amount of time spent in school isn't the greatest factor even if other states have men improvement.Speaking of same amount of school days, we have the same amount of days as Australian children. But instead of having a long two month break, they have smaller breaks given each season throughout the year. Australia ranked 19 in Math, 16 in Science, and 13 in Language Arts, all ranks are better than ours. Even Peru, that ranked last in every subject, has the same amount of school days as us. It is all about what we doing the time we have not the actual amount. In summation, school can be stressful, we should cherish family time, and it is all bout quality over quan tity.You can be the smartest person in the world, but if you don't share your intelligence, it is put to waste. As you can see, its not about the hours or the days. In order to fix the dent in our system, we can't Just put a piece of duct tape and call it a day. We have to investigate and connect the correct wires. These wires include such things like the school environment and students working to their full potential. We will get better in time, our system Just needs a few tweaks. Sincerely, Alexandra