Compensating Wages for Dangerous Job Workers

Compensating Wages for Dangerous Job Workers Explain why workers with dangerous jobs are paid more than workers with less dangerous jobs The competition in the job market has shown an upward turn, when we talk about the opportunities for the job seekers. There are diversified fields for the job seekers based on their qualifications and experience. But another factor is also very vital when a person seeks a job; his / her own choice regarding environment and the workplace safety is equally important. Some people like to work in offices due to the peaceful, neat and clean environment but the same â€Å"paradise† may be â€Å"hell† for others just because they cannot handle the mental stress attached with the office jobs e.g. Accounting, Finance etc. On the other hand some people enjoy the jobs in the field of marketing, which would not be accepted by those who like to work in isolation. But there are some jobs, which are considered dangerous due to the nature of the workplace, or the work that needs to be carried out. Although none of the workers may like to work in dangerous conditions the compensation of fered attracts individuals to come into this field. So, keeping in view all these factors the compensation package of the employee can be assessed (Roberts, Burton Bodah, 2005). Normally the jobs, which require higher skilled individuals is highly compensated when compared to jobs that require only lower or lesser skills. It is considered that the differential amount paid to the higher educated persons, is in compensation for the additional sacrifices and payment made by the person to obtain the skills and education necessary (Dumond, Hirsch MacPherson, 1999). The workplace area and the safety at workplace catches the attention of the employees to demand extra wages. Smith used the words ‘hardship, ‘disagreeable and ‘dirtiness for the work of colliers in Newcastle to explain why they earned two or three times more than common laborers in Scotland (1976). The statistics have been collected by the Bureau of Labour Statistics These statistics have been published on CNN referring to an 18 year old logger who was killed on December 3, 2002. It clearly depicts that the risk factor involved in these jobs classifies them in the category of additional compensatory jobs. The Timber Cutters are facing a high risk and the rate of mortality has been the highest for them when compared to other jobs. People involved in fisheries are at second with fatality rate of 71.1. Pilots and navigators are at third with the mortality rate of 69.8. All these people work out of doors except the structural metal workers. People involved in driving, sailing, and even flying in the list given below as high risk workers. These are outdoor jobs, which are considered the most dangerous jobs. Therefore people in these jobs need the security and compensation as an attraction to continue doing the job. Employers, therefore offer special allowances and compensation along with medical facility, insurance, housing etc. It is not only the risk that is involved in the job that increases compensation for these workers but many other factors. However the discussion of those factors is outside the scope of this paper and therefore will not be mentioned here. Some salient factors have been given below which shows why workers with dangerous jobs are paid more. One is that there is a direct threat to a workers health and life in a dangerous profession. If a worker is hurt due to the nature of job, he may loose a part of his body and sometimes even his life (Schumacher, Hirsch, 1997). This could happen even though there are many workplace health and safety regulations in place and even though the supervisors and the employees themselves are trained on how to maximize safety in the work area. Further a direct threat to the life of a worker is also a threat to the stability and security for his or her dependants. This is because if the worker looses his life or his ability to work (due to injury or disability) the dependents would loose their safety net and can be made destitute (McDuff, 1999). Different jobs have different health hazards Different jobs have different health hazards and by implication different life expectancies. Workers in dangerous jobs are assumed to get a higher wages to compensate for the lower life expectancy and by measuring the size of that premium you can get a rough measure of the value of an extra year (Schumacher, Hirsch, 1997). It turns out that this calculation gives a strong effect: the benchmark calculation assumes that a ten percent increase in life expectancy will generate a 0.24 percentage points increase in adjusted GDP growth (Osburn, 2000). Workers may also need compensation for the stress and anxiety they have to face due to the dangers they are exposed to in the workplace (Mcgoldrick, 1995). For example armed forces stationed in high altitude locations are awarded extra allowance for the isolation at glaciers. The dangerous jobs also need a high level of hard work and physical efforts, which is normally more than the efforts required in normal physical labour. Therefore the extra physical effort of the workers must be compensated by the employer, and this is another reason why employees in dangerous of physically demanding professions get higher wages (Miller, Mulvey Norris, 1997). Concluding the discussion above, it is evident that the dangerous jobs are facing high risk increasing the life uncertainty of the workers. They need life insurance for their life for their families and dependents. Critically appraise the findings of empirical studies that have estimated compensating wage differentials. In labour economics the term Compensation differential is use to describe and analyze the relationship between wage rate and the corresponding risk, unpleasantness and any dangerous attitudes that are entailed in the job. The term compensation differential is also known as â€Å"equalizing difference† or even â€Å"compensating wage differential†. A compensating wage differential refers to the additional compensation that is paid to a worker or an employee in order to motivate the individual to take on a job that is considered undesirable or even a dangerous in comparison to other jobs that are available in the market (Schettkat, 1993). However it is noteworthy that â€Å"compensating differentials† does not apply only to dangerous and undesirable jobs, but also to extremely desirable jobs with special benefits. In the case of the latter, instead of being paid a higher compensation, the individuals concerned will be willing to accept a lower pay as the job entails benefits that are special and cannot be found elsewhere or with any other jobs. The difference here is however that instead of the compensation differential being positive it will be negative in the case of the latter example (Schettkat, 1993). A lot of models have been presented by different authors around the globe regarding compensating wage differentials and many studies have been undertaken in this area. Based on these studies, surveys and analyses, findings have been published in the journals, newspapers and websites. These publications stressed the compensating wage differentials not only for the workers exposed to death due to accidents but for other reasons as well. The term ‘Risk Premium is also used as an alternative to the compensating wage differentials for the workers doing dangerous jobs. Marin and Psacharopoulos (1982), in the first paper using British data from the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) Occupational Mortality Decennial Supplement 1970-72, find evidence of a wage premium for exposure to fatal risk. Sandy and Elliott (1996) and Arabsheibani and Marin (2000) using similar data over the period 1979 to 1983, and Siebert and Wei (1994) using Health and Safety Executive (HSE) data for 1986 to 1988, all find evidence of a fatal risk premium. Another study has been carried out in the Hong Kong regarding compensating wage differentials laying special emphasis on the risk associated with the workplace fatality. The data has been collected from the 1991 census and then it has been merged with the accident data provided by the Labour Department. A theory has been presented by Thaler and Rosen in 1976. The estimation of compensating wage differentials has been carried out with the following formula W = a0 + a1X + a2p + e Where w is the wage rate, X a vector of individual and job characteristics, including the usual human capital variables; p is a measure of job risk and e is an error term. Over the past two decades studies have estimated compensating wage differentials by using this equation. The result normally suggests that a positive and significant compensating wage differential for the jobs with mortality risk is found mostly in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Japan. Another important factor the compensating wage differentials has been identified as; child penalty. The fact that mothers tend to earn less than women without children seems to be well established in the economic literature and is called child penalty or family gap. Several researchers found raw wage gaps of almost 20% for the US, 13% for the UK and up to 20% for Germany. In order to investigate the impact of motherhood on the choice between pecuniary and non-pecuniary job characteristics the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP; 1984-2003) was used by Felfe in 2006. The sample of interest consists of women during their fertile years, defined as the age from 16 to 46. The dataset provides detailed information about personal and job characteristics, about pecuniary and in particular non-pecuniary ones. Besides it reports satisfaction with the job what is used as a proxy for utility and allows testing if both pecuniary and non-pecuniary job characteristics determine jointly the satisfaction of a mother. The longitudinal nature of the data allows observing mothers around first birth. Th e dataset used is the German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP), which is a yearly repeated survey of Germans and Foreigners in West and East Germany (1984-2003). Since 1984 the GSOEP follows the members of the panel. In 2003 the GSOEP provided information about more than 12000 households consisting of more than 24000 people In order to test the hypothesis of the child penalty as a compensating wage differential, the following methodology, divided in three parts, has been conducted. A first step was to investigate if motherhood really affects the job characteristics, i.e. if not only the pecuniary but also the non-pecuniary job characteristics change after motherhood and thus the loss of wage might be compensated with an increase in amenities. In order to estimate changes in job characteristics around and after motherhood, an event study analysis has been used which studies the effects of first birth on a variety of job characteristics. A second necessary step was to show if and how certain job features enter the utility of mothers. According to theory of compensating wage differentials both pecuniary and non-pecuniary characteristics determine jointly the utility of a worker. In case a mother is willing to give up part of her income in order to have a more family friendly job, certain job characteristics have to compensate for this loss in wage and thus raise the utility of a mother. In order to test this empirically, satisfaction regressions has been used. In a last step the actual compensating wage differential has been measured, i.e. how much of their wage mothers are willing to give up for having a job with more amenities (less disamenities). Therefore as a last step a hedonic wage regression has been run including certain (dis-) amenities as control variables. Conclusion The conclusion of the above discussion reveals that the compensating wage differentials have been studied by many of the analysts around the globe using different methodologies and statistics. These studies helped the users understanding the trend regarding compensating wage differentials and the impact on workers. REFERENCES Abraham, J, Lluis, S. (2008) â€Å"Compensating Differentials and Fringe Benefits: Evidence from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 1997-2004†, retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from Christie, L. (2003) â€Å"Americas most dangerous jobs The top ten most dangerous jobs in America†, CNN Money, retrieved on 28th July, 2009 from Dumond, J. M., Hirsch, B. T., MacPherson, D. A. (1999). â€Å"Wage Differentials Across Labor Markets and Workers: Does Cost of Living Matter?†. Economic Inquiry, 37(4), pp. 577-608. Dupuy, A. Smits, W. (2009), â€Å"How Large is the Compensating Wage Differential for RD Workers?† Retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from Felfe, C. (2006), â€Å"The child penalty A compensating wage differential†, retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from Lanfranchi, J., Ohlsson, H., Skalli, A (2009) â€Å"Compensating Wage Differentials And Shift Work Preferences* Evidence from France†, retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from McDuff, E. M. (1999). â€Å"Social Support and Compensating Differentials in the Ministry: Gender Differences in Two Protestant Denominations†. Review of Religious Research, 40(4), pp. 307-330. Mcgoldrick, K. (1995). â€Å"Do Women Receive Compensating Wages for Earnings Uncertainty?†. Southern Economic Journal, 62(1), pp. 210. Miller, P., Mulvey, C., Norris, K. (1997). â€Å"Compensating Differentials for Risk of Death in Australia†. Economic Record, 73(223), pp. 363. Osburn, J. (2000). â€Å"Interindustry Wage Differentials: Patterns and Possible Sources†. Monthly Labor Review, 123(2), pp. 34. Polachek, S. W. Siebert, S. W. (1993) Economics of Earnings. Cambridge University Press. Roberts, K., Burton, J. F., Bodah, M. M. (Eds.). (2005). Workplace Injuries and Diseases: Prevention and Compensation : Essays in Honor of Terry Thomason. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. Schettkat, R. (1993). â€Å"Compensating Differentials? Wage Differentials and Employment Stability in the U.S. and German Economies†. Journal of Economic Issues, 27(1), pp. 153. Schumacher, E. J., Hirsch, B. T. (1997). â€Å"Compensating Differentials and Unmeasured Ability in the Labor Market for Nurses: Why do Hospitals Pay More?†. Industrial Labor Relations Review, 50(4), pp. 557-579. Siebert, W. S. Wei, X (1998), â€Å"Wage Compensation for Job Risks: The Case of Hong Kong†, Asian Economic Journal, Vol 12 No. 2, retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from â€Å"The Human Development Index. A better way of measuring welfare? Notes on Nick Crafts, ‘The human development index and changes in standard of living: some historical comparisons†. European Review of Economic History, Vol 1, (1997), retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from REFERENCES The Bureau of Labour Statistics, retrieved on 28th July, 2009 from

Why we shouldn’t have more school days

The roots to education are bitter, but the fruit Is sweet. † unfortunately, our fruit hasn't become the sweetest. The recent Programmer for International Student Assessment (PISA) has shown that although the US may spend the most on Its students, we aren't all high and mighty. U. S students ranked 36 In Math, 28 in Science, and 24 in Language Arts. Shanghai, China ranked number one in every subject. You have proposed many times before on extending school hours or days to help students reach their full potential.I wish it were that simple, but nothing comes to us that easily. If this were to happen, it would surpass the real reasons we aren't ranking high enough. Let's take a look at high ranking countries such as Finland, Australia, and of course China. China Is number one, but also very high on another list. China's suicide rate Is among the highest In the world, ranking number 6. When you add more school, you add more stress. Students are stressed out enough with trying to be that perfect body they see In the magazines. School shouldn't add onto that, school should be a unforgettable and fun learning environment for kids.In China, falling Is not an option. You must attend school 260 days a year and if you con not, a parent steps in place to take notes for you. That is no way to live. Students are put under so much pressure they think the only way to be freed is to take their own life. Education and intelligence isn't worth it at the cost of someone's life. Both countries ranked significantly lower on the list of countries by suicide rate, Finland ranking at 22 and Australia ranking at 50. Although Peru, ranked last on the PISA, they ranked 99 on the sit of countries by suicide rate. It isn't worth the risk.As If school wasn't hard enough! School breaks are treasured by families because It Is the only time they really have together. Family time Is cherished by many and overlooked by many. I am one of the people that cherishes family time. With family tha t lives in the randomness parts of the country, I count down until breaks to be given the opportunity to wrap my arms around them again. Parents have jobs, students have homework, and after school activities. All the more reason to cherish family time. Whether you like it or not, they are your family, and you can't get rid of them.You are pretty much stuck with them so why would you take away the fun memories? Lastly, three simple words: quality over quantity. It doesn't matter how many school hours we have or school days. It how we spend that time Is what matters. Ever since I can remember, I have always spent my time In school preparing for a standardized test. These evil green monsters bring more stressed, but that Is a completely different topic. In Finland, they only take one standardized test when they are 16. Finnish schools have an educational system the US should new.In Finland students have smaller class sizes, and have little to know homework. Whereas in China, they were very well mannered students that wear uniform, learn in large class sizes, and have many hours of homework when they return home. Finland ranked 12 in Math, 5 in Science, and 6 in Language Arts. The Finnish education system has to be doing something right. They even have the same amount of school days as us, thus proving the amount of time spent in school isn't the greatest factor even if other states have men improvement.Speaking of same amount of school days, we have the same amount of days as Australian children. But instead of having a long two month break, they have smaller breaks given each season throughout the year. Australia ranked 19 in Math, 16 in Science, and 13 in Language Arts, all ranks are better than ours. Even Peru, that ranked last in every subject, has the same amount of school days as us. It is all about what we doing the time we have not the actual amount. In summation, school can be stressful, we should cherish family time, and it is all bout quality over quan tity.You can be the smartest person in the world, but if you don't share your intelligence, it is put to waste. As you can see, its not about the hours or the days. In order to fix the dent in our system, we can't Just put a piece of duct tape and call it a day. We have to investigate and connect the correct wires. These wires include such things like the school environment and students working to their full potential. We will get better in time, our system Just needs a few tweaks. Sincerely, Alexandra

Use of Computers Assignment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1276 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Information Systems Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Use of Computers Introduction The world today is becoming more involved with the advancement of technology and with new technology comes great new resources to access. Advances in technology in medicine have really made a huge impact on how health care is today. Providing faster data and diagnosis, global communication, and keeping organization with all the records and data stored on the computer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Use of Computers Assignment" essay for you Create order Education is changing with computers today via internet. Online courses are becoming more available all around the world for student that cant transfer. There are many applications for a student to use such as Microsoft word, PowerPoint, and Excel. The business world has also grown attached to computers cause of how much similar and more effective it is. Smaller business can grow with websites and find clients all around the world to connect to. Paperwork such as calculating pay rolls or keeping things on file are much simpler on computer than it would be having lots of filing cabinets. Health Care The medical field today has become much more efficient and more effective towards finding cures and providing better treatment to patients due to the advancement of technology of computers. The development of new software for the office creates a web of communication among physicians, staff members, health care facilities and associated agencies (Groth-Vasselli). Research is much eas ier than it was in the past and being able to share data from one doctor on one side of the world to another on the other side at the click of a button is one step from finding a new cure or improving medicine. Crunching Data Data is information that can be numbers, strings of characters or images. Computers process data faster than a human can and thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why they can provide very quick results. Computers use CPU (Central Processing Unit) to make all the decisions and data processing. In health care lots of information is being put onto computers everyday about all the patients that come in with updating records or doing check-ups and doctors have to rely on the computer to be quick and responsive when treating a patient so there can be effective health care given. Communication Communication has to be the most important thing between a doctor and their patient. If there is not communication the assessment of a patient is going to be much harder and without being told what the patient feels the doctor can have a hard time to provide a accurate treatment. Computers provide patients and doctors to talk to each other via e-mail. Not only do patients message doctors but also other doctors around the world talk to each other about research being done and progress they could of made. Organization It is very important for medical professionals to have files organized and knowing where they are. Computers make it much easier by reducing filing cabinets and having the records on a hard drive that has much easier searching to find a specific patient. It also makes it easier for the patient to make changes to their file if they are updating their current health status. With organization a patient can have their questions of latest treatments and medications sorted out to be able to ask their doctor. Labeling is very useful to keep things sorted such as medical insurance on one label then having medical history on another so it can be easier and faster to find specific medical record information. Education The education field has grown globally by connecting students world-wide to do sessions in online classrooms and being able to talk to each other half way across the world. Connecting people from different countries and getting them together to do class activities over the computer creates a new social connections between students to learn new cultures and make friends with people. World Wide Education Online courses are being used more and being taken advantage of for a busy student. Time is a major issue cause not everyone is just only going to class some students have to work and take care of other priorities and cant find the time to attend a classroom course. Online classes provide lots of flexibility and can work with almost any schedule. There are other great benefits for taking online classes listed below. 1. Degree courses are offered 2.Not sitting in a classroom 3.Choosing study times 4.B alancing work and class 5.Flexabilty Useful applications A major advantage of using a computer is all the applications that are provided. Microsoft Office has lots of fantastic applications that are very beneficial in almost all documented work. Microsoft Office applications are used every day in all fields of work from creating a report in Word to making a graph in Excel, below is listed of all the programs included with Microsoft Office. Word Excel PowerPoint Outlook OneNote Access Publisher Office Online Office Mobile Business In the business field computer technology is very huge to be able to reach out to clients and communicate with deals and contracts. Business people need to able to have files and contacts available at a moments notice. Computers provide quick organized files for their business. Computers are also used for their marketing to the public by connecting with the businesss website or connecting via social media like Facebook or Twitter. Marketing In order for a business to grow they need to market what they have to offer. Word spreads very fast online and it can get around to people all over the world about a business. Businesss can create their very own website with information about themselves and what they sell or have to offer. They can draw attention to their website by putting ads on other websites to draw them in. Accounting Business companies need to keep track of their accounting to make sure their sales are correct and pay rolls are being given out. There is software for business to help calculate their sales and create graphs of what is selling and what the demand is for their product. They also can use software to create tax reports to have saved on the computer for the IRS to assess the report. Conclusion The world today has many uses for computers and they are used daily in all fields of work. They provide very useful information and data at the times needed. Technology is getting better and better each day with new products and devices to be faster and more reliable for information. In the medical field research is becoming more accurate and effective to patients. With education people around the world are getting connected in online courses that are benefits to their major or interest. Businesses are growing cause advertisement and websites being created to get noticed and become successful businesses. References Groth-Vasselli . Result Filters. National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. . lt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8721907gt;. Lee, Ellen. 5 Ways Technology Is Transforming Health Care. Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 24 Jan. 2013. Web. . lt;https://www.forbes.com/sites/bmoharrisbank/2013/01/24/5-ways-technology-is-transforming-health-care/gt;. Crowder, C.D.. Uses for Computers in Business. Small Business. N.p., n.d. Web. . lt;https://smallbusiness.chron.com/uses-computers-business-56844.htmlgt;. Simon, Janice. Cancer patients: Tips for organizing your medical records Cancerwise | Cancer blog from MD Anderson Cancer Center. Cancer patients: Tips for organizing your medical records Cancerwise | Cancer blog from MD Anderson Cancer Center. N.p., 3 Oct. 2013. Web. . lt;https://www2.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/2013/10/cancer-patients-tips-for-organizing-medical-records.htmlgt;. Writers, Staff. 10 Advantages to Taking Online Classes OEDB.org. OEDB.org. N.p., 12 Jan. 2012. Web. . lt;https://oedb.org/ilibrarian/10-advantages-to-taking-o nline-classes/gt;.

physioex 11-2 Essay - 601 Words

Name: ashley wible Exercise 11: Blood Analysis: Activity 2: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 33% by answering 1 out of 3 questions correctly. 1. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Your answer : a. measures the settling of red blood cells (RBCs) in a sample of whole blood during one minute. Correct answer: c. is increased whenever fibrinogen and immunoglobulins cause the RBCs to clump together, stack up, and form a column. 2. The ESR cannot be used to follow the progression of which of the following diseases? Your answer : c. rheumatoid arthritis Correct answer: d. gingivitis 3. The ESR can be used to evaluate a patient with You correctly answered: e. all of the above. 10/26/14†¦show more content†¦Why do you think that it has this effect? Your answer: there was a lower than normal sediment rate.The sickle cell shape of RBC does not let them settle. 2. How did the sedimentation rate for the menstruating female (sample 2) compare with the sedimentation rate for the healthy individual (sample 1)? Why do you think this occurs? Your answer: the menstruating females sediment rate was15, this is an elevated sedimentation rate indicating that she has anemia.This is probably a result of the menstrating process. 3. How did the sedimentation rate for the individual with angina pectoris (sample 6) compare with the sedimentation rate for the healthy individual (sample 1)? Why? How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer: They were the same. I was wrong when i guessed that it would be lower. 4. What effect does iron-deficiency anemia (sample 4) have on the sedimentation rate? Your answer: Iron-deficiency anemia resulted in a higher than normal sedimentation rate of 30 5. 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