Case study - Physiological responses in cross-country sprint skiing; a

- Physiological reactions in crosscountry run skiing; an in guideline, control and homeostasis. (1500 words) - Case Study Example One of the progressions that advance more prominent oxygen dispersion is the withdrawal of the muscles takes a great deal of oxygen on the grounds that the oxygen is expected to supplant Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) that has experienced the procedure of hydrolysis at the time unwinding of muscles. Thusly, unwinding of muscles is fundamental since it prompts increment the flexibly of blood for digestion systems. Another change is the vascular obstruction of the skeletal muscles. The opposition of skeletal muscles prompts develop of weight in the veins. There is development of weight is because of the narrowing down of the distance across of the conduits, in this way prompting expanded heartbeat. There are a few vessels around the heart muscles; in this way when there is protection from the progression of the blood, the dispersion separation is additionally diminished. The diminished separation for the dissemination thusly influences the trading of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide. Buffering operators switch the hydrogen particle that decreases the PH and keep up it somewhere in the range of 7.38 and 7.42 which is an impartial Potential Hydrogen. There are extracellular cushion specialist and the intracellular cradle operators. The extra cell cradles resemble bicarbonates and smelling salts while the intracellular supports resemble proteins and phosphates. Besides, the kidney can likewise work by wiping out the harmful substances that amass in the body tissues yet on account of intensive exercise it may not be productive. What's more, renal physiology is dynamic in keeping up the degree of PH in the body. In a method of reacting to the low PH or the sharpness, the cylinder like cells reabsorb bicarbonate from the liquids that streams in the body tube. The rounded cells are in the linings of cylinders like the gathering pipe. Again the gathering channel has cells those insider facts a ton of hydrogen particles along these lines producing a great deal of bicarbonates, a procedure known as smelling salts beginning. The procedure prompts the development of smelling salts cradle. The air temperature during the race is 8 C, which

Escape from Tomorrow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Departure from Tomorrow - Essay Example Corresponding to different movies of a similar class, Moore invests energy in pointing at social opportunity. The chief doesn't look for authorization to shoot the film in Disney World yet the film figures out how to come out to the general population to stand out in light of its importance. Movies by different executives that are in a similar class don't abuse opportunity and supersede a few ideas that are fundamental in the family subject (Amy, 2012, pg. 106). Moore completely presents his primary character Jim with all the qualities that contemporary dads and spouses experience. The creator proceeds to show to the crowd that the fancies of Jim lead to his demise. Motion pictures and movies in a similar sort as Escape from Tomorrow have an upbeat end not at all like Moore’s story where Jim kicks the bucket in his dreams. Another comparative film like Escape from Tomorrow is Mary Poppins that has the setting of the family and a subject that brings up issues inside the family set-up (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25xPAyNLQv4). Contrasting the two motion pictures, Moore focuses more on the resultant impacts that outside impacts have on the family organization. Mary Poppins has a small scale angle that focuses on happenings inside the family set up, how issues emerge and outcomes of constant contradictions inside the family. Making examinations of films of a similar class opens up severalthemes that may have been ignored by the makers themselves (Laurie, 2013, pg. 120). From the two movies, the regular perspective is issues that exist in families brought about by both interior and outside components.

Rubbing Elbows

Rubbing Elbows Last week, I blogged a little about how MITs student body really distinguishes the Institute from any other university that I know. On one level, it almost seems as if campus is constantly brimming over from the sheer amount of passion, creativity, and pure intelligence that suffuse all of MIT. At the same time, though, I have come to realize that MITs faculty also play a tremendous role in creating, encouraging, and preserving the campus culture we have all come to know and love. The traditional image of a college professor is, I think, something along the lines of an intimidating old sequipidelian Ive already introduced you to Jeremy, but hes actually just one of the many, many completely amazing professors and instructors that populate MITs corridors and classrooms. The blogs already have a ton of entries about the zaniess, creativity, and passion of MITs faculty and whats actually here on the website is only a small sample of the entries that could be written. Beyond simply having awesome personalities and/or lecturing skills, youll hopefully be happy to know that the research MIT is so well known for is still advancing at full throttle, across all disciplines. MITs homepage has featured so many stories of this revolutionary discovery or that once-unthinkable breakthrough that I hardly have time to read them all. As you may already know, I am making my own (very small) contribution to this research through my UROP in the Langer Lab. In spite of that, until just recently, I had never actually met Professor Langer before. Most of the time, I work directly with a post-doctoral student named Sandeep, who is actually the person who hired me; so on one level there was never any need for me to see Professor Langer anyway. Although Ive heard hes actually pretty approachable (especially as Institute Professors go), I decided to wait for the right time to strikeI mean, uh, introduce myself. That opportunity came a few weeks ago, when I received a very exciting email inviting me and any other interested UROPs in the lab to meet with Professor Langer for a pizza dinner! I immediately confirmed that I would come. After that, waiting for that day to finally roll around came close to how it felt to wait for admissions decisionswell, okay, maybe not quite. But I was incredibly excited to have the opportunity to finally meet Langer! As it turned out, Professor Langer is even more personable and friendly than I could have ever hoped for. Including me, seven students showed up to the pizza dinner (Im amazed there werent more), which lasted over an hour. We talked about everything from the quality of the food to the state of education in China, from this one pizza shop in New York Dr. Langer was particularly fond of to the sort of qualities he liked to see in UROPs. Perhaps most significantly for me, Professor Langer also talked about how he wasnt entirely sure what he wanted to do upon graduating (from Cornell) with his bachelors degree in chemical engineering. Certainly, he told us, he never saw himself as a professorand yet, here he is, one of MITs most famous and most highly respected researchers and scholars. Of all the pictures Ive taken here at MIT, this may be my favorite yet.

Political Culture and Good Citizenship

Political culture is a widely shared set of ideas, attitudes, practices, and moral judgments that shape people’s political behavior, as well as how they relate to their government and to one another. In essence, the various elements of a political culture determine the people’s perception of who is and is not a â€Å"good citizen.† To an extent, the government itself can use outreach efforts like education and public commemorations of historical events to shape political culture and public opinion. When taken to excess, such attempts to control the political culture are often characteristic of the actions of totalitarian or fascist forms of government. While they tend to reflect the current character of the government itself, political cultures also embody the history and traditions of that government. For example, while Great Britain still has a monarchy, the queen or king has no real power without the approval of the democratically elected Parliament. Yet, while doing away with the now largely ceremonial monarchy would save the government millions of pounds per year, the British people, proud of their tradition of over 1,200 years of being ruled by royalty, would never stand for it. Today, as always, a â€Å"good† British citizen reveres the Crown. While political cultures vary greatly from nation to nation, state to state, and even region to region, they generally tend to remain relatively stable over time. Political Culture and Good Citizenship To a great degree, political culture implies the characteristics and qualities that make people good citizens. In the context of political culture, the traits of â€Å"good citizenship† transcend the government’s basic legal requirements for attaining citizenship status. As Greek philosopher Aristotle argued in his treatise Politics, simply living in a nation does not necessarily make a person a citizen of that nation. To Aristotle, true citizenship required a level of supportive participation. As we see today, thousands of lawful permanent resident aliens and immigrants live in the United States as â€Å"good citizens† as defined by the political culture without becoming fully naturalized citizens. Traits of Good Citizens Good citizens, in their daily lives, demonstrate most of the qualities considered important by the prevailing political culture. A person who lives an otherwise exemplary life but never works to support or improve the community by taking an active part in public life may be considered a good person but not necessarily a good citizen. In the United States, a good citizen is generally expected to do at least some of these things: Take part in the representative democracy by registering to vote and voting in elections.Run for elected office or volunteer to serve on appointed governing boards.Obey all federal, state, and local laws.Show up for jury duty if called.Be knowledgeable of the basic freedoms, rights, and responsibilities contained in the U.S. Constitution.Pay all applicable federal, state, and local taxes.Remain knowledgeable about political issues and government policy.Volunteer to take part in community improvement programs.Take part in patriotic observances and traditions, like standing for the National Anthem and knowing the Pledge of Allegiance. Even within the United States, the perception of political culture — thus good citizenship — may vary from region to region. As a result, it important to avoid depending on stereotypes when judging a person’s quality of citizenship. For example, people in one region may place more importance in strict observance of patriotic traditions than those in other regions. Political Culture Can Change Though it often takes generations to happen, minds — and thus political culture — can change. For example: Since its colonial period, America has seen periods during which the dominating political culture favored a policy of isolationism from foreign affairs, particularly foreign wars. In each of these cases, threats that foreign wars might directly threaten American lives and freedoms resulted in rapid reversals of the isolationist political culture.As part of President Lyndon Johnson’s sweeping Great Society social reform initiative, Congress enacted the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Passed after generations of post-Civil war racial discrimination, the law authorized the use of federal troops to supervise elections in several Southern states in order to protect the voting rights of black Americans. Forty years later, fearing that the racially-charged political culture in the South might still be a threat to the political freedom of blacks, Congress and President George W. Bush enacted the Voting Rights Extension Act of 2006. Today, multi-racial voting coalitions exist throughout the nation and Black-Americans are commonly elected to federal, state, and local offices. While some political cultures can be changed by the passage of laws, others cannot. In general, elements of a political culture based on deeply-seated beliefs or customs, such as patriotism, religion, or ethnicity are far more resistant to change than those based simply on the government’s policies or practices. Political Culture and US Nation Building While it is always difficult and sometimes dangerous, governments often try to influence the political culture of other nations. For example, the United States is known for its often-controversial foreign policy practice called â€Å"nation-building† — efforts to convert foreign governments to American-style democracies, often through the use of armed forces. In October 2000, President George W. Bush came out against nation-building, stating, â€Å"I dont think our troops ought to be used for whats called nation-building. I think our troops ought to be used to fight and win war.† But just 11 months later, the September 11, 2001 terror attacks changed the president’s perspective. As an outgrowth of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the United States has attempted to establish democracies in those nations. However, political cultures have hindered those U.S. nation-building efforts. In both countries, years of long-standing attitudes toward other ethnic groups, religions, women, and human rights shaped by years of tyrannical rule continue to stand in the way.

African Americans Slavery And Oppression - 1602 Words

The story(ies) of African Americans today and how their story(ies) have been shaped by slavery and oppression In the mid-1500s, European mariners started bringing black Africans to America as slaves. The slave trade was not new to Europe or Africa. In the eighth century, Moorish merchants traded humans as merchandise throughout the mediterranean. In addition, many West African people kept slaves. West African slaves were usually prisoners of war, criminals, or the lowest-ranked members of caste systems. The capture and sale of Africans for the American slave markets were barbaric and often lethal. Two out of five West African captives died on the march to the Atlantic seacoast where they were sold to European slavers. On board the slave†¦show more content†¦By the early 1800s, many whites and free blacks in Northern states began to call for the abolition of slavery. When the Civil War began, many Northern blacks volunteered to fight for the Union. Some people expressed surpr ise at how fiercely black troops fought. But, black soldiers were fighting for more than restoring the Union. They were fighting to liberate their people. Reconstruction and Reaction With the defeat of the Confederacy, Northern troops remained in the South to ensure the slaves newly won freedom. Blacks started their own churches and schools, purchased land, and voted. The challenges facing Black leadership and how could those challenges be addressed through politics, religion, and civic engagement As the plight of African Americans in the South was beginning to worsen, Booker T. Washington, principal of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, was invited to speak before a bi-racial audience at the opening of the 1895 Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition a celebration of the â€Å"new† industrializing South (Schaefer, 2015). A former slave who had toiled in West Virginia’s salt mines and earned a degree from Hampton Institute, Washington was the first African American to ever address such a large group of Southern whites. Frederick Douglass had died several months earlier, and Washington would immediately take his place as theShow MoreRelatedThe Challenges African Americans Faced in America963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Challenges African Americans Faced In America Raymon Rice ETH125 March 11, 2012 The Challenges African Americans Faced In America African Americans had a turbulent history in the United States ever since they were brought to the country as slaves. â€Å"Slavery in America began when the first African slaves were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619, to aid in the production of such lucrative crops as tobacco. (Slavery in America, 2012) During the 17th andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Aint I A Woman 1079 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica from Slavery to the present and their relation to feminism. Hooks felt that there was an absence of books about the African American woman that were available. While there were books about individual African American women and their experiences in the oppressive American system, she believed that those women’s stories could not be generalized for all African American women. It was necessary to have a book at this time that acknowledged not black women and the two types of oppressions they experiencedRead MoreRacial Oppression And Racial Di scrimination997 Words   |  4 Pagesto ignore it. Racial oppression is a direct consequence of a superior race. Racial oppression is the act of power that causes the state of being to feel heavily exploited. There are two types of racial oppression that are not commonly well known of, institutionalized and internalized. Institutionalized oppression is expressed when a group of people based on their race has a different chance of obtaining goods, services, and societal opportunities. Internalized racial oppression is multi-situationalRead MoreA Study on Slavery1112 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery was an oppressive and violent system of labor that targeted the black population of the United States. Early colonial societies in the seventeenth century had both white and black workers; the former were categorized as indentured servants and the latter were categorized as slaves. In late seventeenth century, laws were passed, clearly recognizing slavery in racial terms. The roots of these laws were partly the prejudice against blacks and partly the desire to prevent any possible unity amongRead MoreHow The African s Ideologies Survived Under European Values During The United States Of America889 Words   |  4 PagesThe history books harbor numerous accounts of state-run human oppression. The accounts display that the necessity for labor often influenced the practice of coercion and violence. While reviewing the work of Dr. Delridge, L Hunter in The death of the Negro volume I, 2, and 3 it became clear that a degree of unequal actions molded a form of inferior status that shape the Negro call to freedom songs. To name the weapon with which the colonial United States of America brought about unnecessary sorrowRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God By Zora Neale Hurston1682 Words   |  7 Pagescenturies this statement has proven as true; it’s even more accurately seen through the lives of African American women in past decades. What Toni Morrison displays in h er novel Beloved is a glimpse into the harsh realities of life as an African American enslaved woman who endures the tragedies of rape, torment, and the pains of choosing to sacrifice her own child for the sake of freedom. African American women were oppressed at a much greater level because they were women that bore the responsibilitiesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave977 Words   |  4 PagesFrederick Douglass published his first book Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. This book not only showed people what life was truly like in the eyes of a slave, but it became instrumental in propelling the abolitionist movement and helping it gain motion all across the country. Douglass was truly a revolutionary person because throughout the duration of slavery, African American people were not permitted to be educated. This was considered dangerous. It wasn’t until FrederickRead MoreOpression of African Americans1397 W ords   |  6 PagesKeona Turner David Agum African American Studies 1 October, 2010 Oppression of African Americans In the documentary Ethnic Notions directed by Marlon Riggs, illustrates the oppression African Americans have faced during the time of slavery up until the present day. The same forms of oppression blacks faced during slavery is the same type of oppression they faced today, decades after slavery was abolished. These forms of oppression still seen today are evidence thatRead MoreAfrican American Of African Americans1491 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans have witnessed much discrimination throughout the years. The issue of reparations for all African Americans is argued by one scholar and a credible newspaper. The debate about reparations started with the agreement side from the opinion of Robert Allen. He stated historical aspects that showed the crusade that many African American leaders started to get a compromise with the government. Allen continues to research the problems of African American involving with financial worthRead MoreCaged Bird By Maya Angelou1341 Words   |  6 Pages In the earlier days of the United States, African American slavery was prominent throughout the south for an extensive period of time. This tyranny led to mass oppression of millions of black people for many generations.Years later African Americans were finally given their well earned freedom. One thing they did not earn were their promised civil rights until much, much later. However, even under such subjugations African Americans found many ways to express themselves over the years. One fitting

Nature Versus Human Free Essays

The beauty of nature is spectacularly magnificent which represents the greatness of our Creator. It is still a question for us how nature originally exists. Biblically, the existence of nature was explained through the book of Genesis which stated that God created the heaven and Earth including all life forms for six days. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature Versus Human or any similar topic only for you Order Now The said explanation was the commonly known as the â€Å"Theory of Creation†. In contrast to this theory, scientists formulated different theories about the origin of the heavenly bodies that give focus on the Earth as the only living planet. Some scientists have conceived the meanderings of a single carbon atom, released in the unstable death throes of a star, traveling for an era across intergalactic space that land in a gas disk that eventually formed Earth which changed chemically. As a finale it is being put into a life series which serves as a guide to human hand to write about it. Human just like Earth is created by God according to His character. Adam, who was the first man, is created from ashes that were molded to make as he is. From getting a part from Adam’s ribs the first woman was created n the name of Eva. God gave authority to them to rule over all the living creatures. And until now that rule still applies in which we, human beings are still the ones that take over in this world. We, human beings are part of nature that God created and dominated. In the world of Science, it is so fascinating that oxygen appeared on Earth only about 500 million years ago, but life in a form of bacteria has been traced to 3.5 billion years deep. It means that very slowly primitive forms of life have the control over the atmospheric composition that changed for its own development, growth, and reproduction. That is how they amazingly took control of the atmospheric composition for their own survival. What about humans who are known as smart animals and their archaic idea about nature and human nature. Are they able to take control over both of them? Although it is entirely unbelievable that people are made from the ashes of cosmological death just to kill each other in the intergalactic space. Or, maybe, people are made to love and to be loved, to overtake a chain of life from one generation to the other, nurture and preserve life in all its diversity, heal the sufferings took into being by other people, understand the deep relationship of all aspects of life on this planet? Do we really have the right to conquer and dominate nature, space and each other? The human understanding of the universe is extremely limited. The human understanding of the human race and its main mission on the planet Earth is even more limited. In this essay I would like to discuss some aspects of the nature and human nature in their unity and interconnection from the personal responsibility point of view. For millions of years, humans survived in a predator-prey relationship with all species. Equilibrium exists on the Earth. As we lost visions of our origins, we began  Ã‚   starting to develop tools and ways of living that protect us from predators, the elements, and the insecurity of hunger. We elucidate away nature with mythology. We became arrogant, and established religious and state institutions that justified our behavior and helped us to live with the violence committed every day in the name of god, king, country, ego and sport. Humans stopped looking for answers to nature, and instead came up with answers that suited the moment. The origination of life on our planet is still remains a mystery. The mystery of how life exists still unfolds. It is a unity of everything alive in nature. Life is a metaphysical thing. Earth is a living body continually giving birth to a new life, spirit and compassion. Nature has its own life. Life is sustained through interactions among things either living or non-living which are part of nature. The beauty and power of nature is unique and for more appreciation, art is used to express the real beauty and power it possesses. Nature poetry is an art to freely state the things about the soleness of nature. It makes a way to keep us in touch with nature. The poem â€Å"A child said what is a grass?† by Walt Whitman is a poem about nature that expresses the mystery of nature. In this poem, from a simple question of the child, many hypothesized answers were provoked which were said to the child just to answer that only question. The poem expresses the experiences of a grass which explains the reality that there are new things arises and there are others that suddenly died. The poem â€Å"No boundaries† by Sin Barreras show the close relationship of man to nature. Man experiences for himself the never-ending wonders of nature which is done by running breathlessly through the forest and resting beneath the tall trees. Oscar Wilde’s â€Å"We are Made One with what We Touch and See† explains the equality of human beings to experience the incomparable nature’s magnificence in which all living creatures live. Indeed man has the dominion over all the things in this world according to what God said in the book of Genesis. Another poem in relation to nature is the poem by T. S. Eliot entitled â€Å"The Waste Land† in which the author describe a waste land a place that is lifeless or in other words a place with no any life forms. A waste land is a non productive one for there are no creatures that can able to survive. The heartfelt joy due to the splendor of nature is expressed in the poem by Bliss Carman’s â€Å"Earth Voices†. The author freely expresses gratitude for experience she had with nature’s awesome wonders. The fascinating beauty of nature is also expressed in the poem â€Å"Nature’s Calm† by Alcman. The unique beauty of nature is shown in Lacy Reese’s poem â€Å"My Mountain Top† which recognizes the interrelationship of biotic and abiotic components of nature. These components have different relationships, either mutuality or complexity. Human abuses the authority they have. Due to intellectual and physical capability, human beings have the over-all control on nature. Human possesses the ability to change nature. Human beings neglect the authority they take hold of to fulfill their needs for survival and luxuries as well. We as human beings having the dominion over all creatures in this world should know the extent of authority. The abuse in authority leads to big destruction of nature. And eventually, nature has its own way to teach us the result of what we humans have done. The calamities such as typhoons, landslide, floods and global warming that we are experiencing are the revenge of nature for the things we had done supported by Machiavelli’s thought that man is selfish in nature. In Wordsworth’s poem the â€Å"The World is Too Much with us†, it show how nature had enough of the sufferings in the hands of humans. Nature indeed goes through sufferings when human start to become civilized. Since the first man was not civilized, nature that time is not highly disturbed. He does not think on how to increase production of food for he had not yet develop tools for cultivation. That time, man gets his own food by hunting and gathering. But as thousands of years passed by, there is an evolution that had taken place. The population starts to grow and that time, people become civilized Man had learned modified ways to survive such as cultivating crops and raising animals for their own food, make clothes for warmth and comfort, and shelter for a place to stay. Population of man increases which leads to population explosion. As more people are being born, there are more requirements to be satisfied. Modernization serves as the way to fulfill them and as a consequence, development of technologies arise which continually are becoming more advance. Such certain advanced technologies are then used that leads to the environment’s destruction besides from tropical cyclone and other calamities. Is the true role of man to destroy nature? The destruction of nature can possibly due to humans. Nature can be rude to us. The land slides and flashfloods are the returns that were given to us by nature in which more properties and lives had gone and wasted in an instant. It’s all in our outlook. We live in a competitive world. Plants and animals struggle to survive. Resources are limited that is why there is competition. As we humans struggle to live, there is something that is being sacrifice. That sacrifice is due to our unselfish act. As higher form of animals who had given the task to rule over all living creatures, the fate of nature is in us. We must take note that all our basic necessities are derived from the natural resources. From Francis Bacon’s Novum Organum, â€Å"Nature to be commanded must be obeyed†. We humans must first respect and protect nature so that we can receive blessings from it. According to the Legal Maxim, â€Å"The greatest force is that of nature†. Nature has a great impact in our lives for this is where we live and get our needs. Nature is indeed powerful than us for we are part of nature wherein nature comes to know itself. The knowledge that we gain is used to interact with nature and to know what nature really is. We should try to bond with nature for the splendor of nature can give us joy and hope. According to Michael J. Cohen, Ed.D â€Å"If you are missing out on the natural joy and wisdom of life, it is because you have been taught to ignore it†¦.Reconnecting with nature consists of bringing into your consciousness a sensory way of thinking and relating with which you are born.†. Nature can give us happiness for its beauty that it has is really amazing. We should appreciate the things that we see around us and be thankful to have them. Material things cannot bring you true happiness but nature can. Let us obediently do our task us humans to protect nature for it is also one of our duties here on Earth. Let us make this world a better place to live. References: Carman, Bliss.Short Works of Bliss Carman and Richard Hovey Dunn, Sara. Poetry for the Earth Kray, Elizabeth. Walking Tour: Walt Whitman’s SoHo Historic District in New York City Steffen, Alex. World Changing. A User’s Guide for the 21st Century.    How to cite Nature Versus Human, Essay examples

Wilsonian Neutrality During Wwi Essays - Woodrow Wilson,

Wilsonian Neutrality During Wwi No doubt that the belligerents would call upon morally upright America to mediate the peace settlement. This assumption was the backbone of his theory of neutrality, national policy between 1914 and 1917. Wilsonian neutrality meant that America could intervene militarily in Europe to keep the sides evenly matched. Then, the war would degenerate into one of steady attrition and stalemate. Finally, Wilson would end the bloodshed by dictating a lasting and pure peace. In his August 19, 1914 message to the Senate, Wilson voiced his belief that America should stand ready to play a part of impartial mediation and speak the counsels of peace.[10] Yet, Wilson's desire to remain impartial was molded by the coming events. In 1914, the British navy imposed a strict blockade against neutral shipping to the continent, specifically the Central powers. American vessels were seized, but England paid for lost cargo. Wilson raised a hue and cry, but took no actual counter-measures. Instead, he wished to preserve a rough equality between the German land forces and the British naval powers so that neither could claim victory. By 1915, America was linked economically to the Allies. When British shipping firms asked for loans, Wilson did not refuse, for he wished to maintain British superiority on the high seas. Therefore, when Germany pioneered the use of the submarine, the President objected. The introduction of the U-boat would tip the scales in favor of Germany, which would violate Wilsonian neutrality and betray his plans for a liberal world order. Hence, the United States shifted from a policy of isolation to one of non-belligerent intervention. On December 18, 1916,[11] Wilson sent notes to the belligerents asking them for an explicit exposure of war aims. Germany refused to return a direct answer, and her evasion suggested looming imperialist motives. Even the Allies declared that they intended to extract a painfully large amount of reparations from the Central Powers and exterminate German power in Europe. In December 1916, the German Foreign Office urged a peace conference of belligerents only. Social Issues